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 The relationship between the home and market economies has gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e.g. cloth-making, sewing and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes werelaborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident--the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e.g. Electricity and electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional ways of taking care of these needs in the home, such as in nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable (and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. Theneoclassical model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second (and current) stage.

1. The reason why many production processes were taken over by the marketplace was that ________.

A. it was a necessary step in the process of industrialization

B. they depended on electricity available only to the market economy

C. it was troublesome to produce such goods in the home

D. the marketplace was more efficient with respect to these processes（D）

2. It can be seen from the passage that in the second stage ________.

A. some traditional goods and services were not successful when provided by the home economy

B. the market economy provided new goods and services never produced by the home economy

C. producing traditional goods at home became socially unacceptable

D. whether new goods and services were produced by the home economy became irrelevant（B）

3. During the second stage, if the family wanted to consume new goods and services, they had to enter the marketplace ________.

A. as wage earners B. both as manufactures and consumers

C. both as workers and purchasers D. as customers（C）

4. Economic growth did not make it more flexible for the home economy to obtain the new goods and services because ________.

A. the family was not efficient in production

B. it was illegal for the home economy to produce them

C. it could not supply them by itself

D. the market for these goods and services was limited（C）

5. The neoclassical model is basically a model of the first stage, because at this stage ________.

A. the family could rely either on the home economy or on the marketplace for the needed goods and services

B. many production processes were being transferred to the marketplace

C. consumers relied more and more on the market economy

D. the family could decide how to transfer production processes to the marketplace（A）

摘自《華慧考博英語閱讀理解精練220篇》

【核心詞匯注釋】

laborious adj. (指工作)艱苦的，費力的

sophisticated adj. 復雜的，精細的

be available to 可用的

neoclassical n. 新古典主義

take over 接收，接管

with respect to 關于，至于

【答案與解析】

1.D 細節事實題。題意：許多生產過程被市場取代的原因是什么？由第二三四句可知答案選D“市場對于這些過程的反應更加有效”。

2.B 推理判斷題。題意：從本文可知在第二階段，正確論述是？由“Soon, the more important second stage was evident--the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them.很快，第二個更重要的階段到來了——市場經濟開始生產那些自然經濟從來沒有生產也沒有能力生產的商品和從未提供過的服務。”可知選項B“市場經濟提供了自然經濟無法提供的產品和服務”。

3.C細節判斷題。題意：在第二階段，如果家庭成員想消費新產品和服務，他們就不得不以什么身份進入市場？由“In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. 為了消費新產品和服務，家庭生產者不得不以賺錢者和消費者的雙重身份進入市場。”可知答案選C“既作為勞動者也作為購買者”。

4.C 推理判斷題。題意：經濟增長沒有使得自然經濟在獲得新產品和服務方面有更大的靈活度，是因為什么？由題干定位到“Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. 經濟增長帶來了很多的可供消費的商品，但并沒有使自然經濟獲取這些商品和服務方面增加靈活度。”其原因，綜合前面的內容可知選項C“它無法依靠己力提供這些產品和服務”。

5.A 細節判斷題。題意：新古典主義模型本質上是第一階段的模型，因為這個階段……。由“Theneoclassical (新古典主義的) model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. 新古典主義模型將家庭生產者視為決策者，他們要么決定自己生產產品，自己提供服務，要么決定從市場上購買這些東西。這一模型本質上是第一階段的模型。”，可知答案選A“為了得到必需的產品和服務家庭既可以依賴于自然經濟也可依賴于市場經濟”。

【長難句剖析】

1. In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace.

【參考譯文】在第二個階段，有關自然經濟在生產新產品和提供服務方面是否比較低效的問題已無關緊要了，如果家庭想要分享工業化的成果，他們必需通過市場來獲得產品。

【結構分析】句子主干是：the question was irrelevant; they would have to be obtained in the marketplace.這個一個由分號連接的并列句。分號前的分句中In the second stage是狀語，of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services是介詞短語做question的同位語，其中whether引導從句做介詞of的賓語；后一分句包含if引導的條件狀語從句。

1.Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market.

【參考譯文】正如汽車的出現使得對馬車的使用不合時宜，也不實用一樣，正如電視的產生使收音機從娛樂的主要手段轉變為提供背景音樂的方式一樣，多數經濟增長的成果并沒有給自然經濟在自己生產產品、提供服務或在市場上購買商品帶來更多的選擇。

【結構分析】句子主干是：most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options. Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music是由as引導比較狀語從句，其中包含有and連接的并列分句；available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market.是options的后置定語。

【參考譯文】

自然經濟與市場經濟之間的關系已經經歷了兩個不同的階段。在早期的工業化階段開始了產品由家庭生產(比如制衣、縫紉和罐裝食品加工)向市場生產轉換的過程。盡管自然經濟仍可以生產這些產品，但生產過程太費力，而且市場經濟通常更有效率。很快，第二個更重要的階段到來了——市場經濟開始生產那些自然經濟從來沒有生產也沒有能力生產的商品和從未提供過的服務。(比如電力和電子產品、汽車、高等教育、精密的醫療設備)。在第二個階段，有關自然經濟在生產新產品和提供服務方面是否比較低效的問題已無關緊要了，如果家庭想要分享工業化的成果，他們必需通過市場來獲得產品。傳統的在家里就能滿足需求的方式，比如在家里照看病人，已經不再為社會所接受(而且更重要的是，效果會比較差)。正如汽車的出現使得對馬車的使用不合時宜，也不實用一樣，正如電視的產生使收音機從娛樂的主要手段轉變為提供背景音樂的方式一樣，多數經濟增長的成果并沒有給自然經濟在自己生產產品、提供服務或在市場上購買商品帶來更多的選擇。經濟增長帶來了很多的可供消費的商品，但并沒有使自然經濟獲取這些商品和服務方面增加靈活度。相反，經濟增長使越來越多的消費者更加依賴市場。為了消費新產品和服務，家庭生產者不得不以賺錢者和消費者的雙重身份進入市場。新古典主義模型將家庭生產者視為決策者，他們要么決定自己生產產品，自己提供服務，要么決定從市場上購買這些東西。這一模型本質上是第一階段的模型。對第二個(即目前的)階段來講，該模型是不能被正確運用的。